極座標　勾配、発散、ラプラシアン

 

極座標

極座標での勾配、発散、ラプラシアンです。

結果

勾配

$$\mathrm{grad}f=\nabla f=\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial\phi}\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}$$

発散

$$\mathrm{div} A=\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{A}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}(r^2 A_{r})+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(A_{\theta}\sin\theta)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \phi}$$

ラプラシアン

$$\Delta f=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\biggl(r^2\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\biggr)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\biggl(\sin\theta\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\biggr)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2\sin^2 \theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \phi^2}$$

回転

\(\mathrm{rot}A=\nabla\times A\)

\(=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(E_{\theta}\sin\theta)-\displaystyle\frac{\partial E_{\theta}}{\partial \phi}\biggr)\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{1}{\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial E_{r}}{\partial \phi}-\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}(rE_{\phi})\biggr)\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}\)

\(+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}(r E_{\theta})-\displaystyle\frac{\partial E_{r}}{\partial \theta}\biggr)\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}\)

\(=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2\sin\theta} \left(\begin{array}{c} 1 \\ r \\ r\sin\theta \end{array} \right)\cdot \biggl[\left(\begin{array}{c} \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r} \\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \\ \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi} \end{array} \right)\times\left(\begin{array}{c} E_{r} \\ r E_{\theta} \\ r\sin\theta E_{\phi} \end{array} \right)\biggr]\)

導出

\(x=r\sin\theta\cos\phi\)、\(y=r\sin\theta\sin\phi\)、\(z=r\cos\theta\)

\(r=\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\)、\(\phi=\tan^{-1} \displaystyle\frac{y}{x}\)、\(\theta=\cos^{-1}\displaystyle\frac{z}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\)

勾配

\(\nabla=\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{e_{x}}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{e_{y}}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}\)　のそれぞれの成分を計算していく。

x成分

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}\)

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}=\displaystyle\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}=\displaystyle\frac{x}{r}=\sin\theta\cos\phi\)

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\cos^{-1}\displaystyle\frac{z}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\cdot\displaystyle\frac{r\cos\theta}{r^2}\cdot(r\sin\theta\cos\phi)=\displaystyle\frac{\cos\theta\cos\phi}{r}\)

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}=-\displaystyle\frac{y}{x^2+y^2}=-\displaystyle\frac{r\sin\theta\sin\phi}{r^2\sin^2 \theta}=-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta}\)

これらを元の式に代入すると

$$\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}=\sin\theta\cos\phi \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}$$

y成分

$$\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial y}=\sin\theta\sin\phi \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\sin\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}$$

z成分

$$\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial z}=\cos\theta\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\theta}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}$$

まとめ

\(\nabla=\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\boldsymbol{e_{x}}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\boldsymbol{e_{y}}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\boldsymbol{e_{z}}\)を計算していく。

ここで基底変換に対して以下の式が成立。

これらを、上の式に代入すると

\(\nabla=\biggl(\sin\theta\cos\phi \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\theta\cos\phi}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}\biggr)\)

\(\times(\sin\theta\cos\phi\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\cos\theta\cos\phi\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}-\sin\phi\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}})\)

\(+\biggl(\sin\theta\sin\phi \displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\theta\sin\phi}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}\biggr)\)

\(\times (\sin\theta\sin\phi\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\cos\theta\sin\phi\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}+\cos\phi\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}})\)

\(+\biggl(\cos\theta\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\theta}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\biggr)(\cos\theta\boldsymbol{e_{r}}-\sin\theta\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}})\)

\(=\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial\phi}\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}\)

結果

\[\nabla f=\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial\phi}\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}\]

発散

\(\boldsymbol{A}=A_{r}\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+A_{\theta}\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}+A_{\phi}\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}\)

ここで発散は

\(\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{A}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial x}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial y}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial z}\)

右辺第一項

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial x}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial x}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial \theta}+\displaystyle\frac{\partial \phi}{\partial x}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial \phi}\)

\(=\sin\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial\theta}-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{x}}{\partial \theta}\)

\(=\sin\theta\cos\phi\biggl(\sin\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial r}+\cos\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{A_{\theta}}{\partial r}-\sin\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial r}\biggr)\)

\(+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi\biggl(\cos\theta\cos\phi A_{r}+\sin\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial \theta}-\sin\theta\cos\phi A_{\theta}+\cos\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{A_{\theta}}{\partial \theta}-\sin\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \theta}\biggr)\)

\(-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta}\biggl(-\sin\theta\sin\phi A_{r}+\sin\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial \phi}-\cos\theta\sin\phi A_{\theta}+\cos\theta\cos\phi\displaystyle\frac{A_{\theta}}{\partial \phi}-\cos\phi A_{\phi}-\sin\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \phi}\biggr)\)

右辺第二項

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{y}}{\partial y}=\sin\theta\sin\phi\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial r}\sin\theta\sin\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\theta}}{\partial r}\cos\theta\sin\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial r}\cos\phi\biggr)\)

\(+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\theta\sin\phi}{r}\biggl(A_{r}\cos\theta\sin\phi+\sin\theta\sin\phi\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial \theta}-A_{\theta}\sin\theta\sin\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\theta}}{\partial \theta}\cos\theta\sin\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \theta}\cos\phi\biggr)\)

\(+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta}\biggl(A_{r}\sin\theta\cos\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial \theta}\sin\theta\sin\phi+A_{\theta}\cos\theta\cos\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\theta}}{\partial \phi}\cos\theta\sin\phi-A_{\phi}\sin\phi+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \phi}\cos\phi\biggr)\)

右辺第三項

\(\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{z}}{\partial z}=\cos\theta\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial r}\cos\theta-\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\theta}}{\partial r}\sin\theta\biggr)\)

\(-\displaystyle\frac{\sin\theta}{r}\biggl(-A_{r}\sin\theta+\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial\theta}\cos\theta-A_{\theta}\cos\theta-\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\theta}}{\partial\theta}\sin\theta\biggr)\)

まとめ

これらの結果を、発散の式に代入して整理すると

$$\nabla\cdot\boldsymbol{A}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{r}}{\partial r}+\displaystyle\frac{2}{r}A_{r}+\displaystyle\frac{\cos\theta}{r\sin\theta}A_{\theta}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\theta}}{\partial\theta}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \phi}$$

$$=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}(r^2 A_{r})+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}(A_{\theta}\sin\theta)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial A_{\phi}}{\partial \phi}$$

ラプラシアン

\(\Delta f=\nabla\cdot(\nabla f)=\nabla\cdot\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\boldsymbol{e_{r}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\boldsymbol{e_{\theta}}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \phi}\boldsymbol{e_{\phi}}\biggr)\)

勾配の式を利用した。ここで

\(A_{r}=\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\)、\(A_{\theta}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\)、\(A_{z}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \phi}\)として、上の発散の式を適用すると

\(\Delta f\)\(=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\biggl(r^2\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\biggr)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{1}{r}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\sin\theta\biggr)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}\biggl(\displaystyle\frac{1}{r\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \phi}\biggr)\)

\(=\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial r}\biggl(r^2\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\biggr)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2\sin\theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial}{\partial \theta}\biggl(\sin\theta\displaystyle\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\biggr)+\displaystyle\frac{1}{r^2\sin^2 \theta}\displaystyle\frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \phi^2}\)